Aqueous zinc-ion batteries are considered to be one of the most potential sustainable energy storage technologies, but due to the problems of dendrite growth, hydrogen evolution, corrosion, etc., the cycle life of batteries is limited and their industrialization process is affected.
It was learned from North China Electric Power University that Professor Tian Huajun, director of the Institute of Energy Storage Battery Materials and Applied Technology and director of the Materials Science and Engineering Teaching and Research Department of the School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering of the school, through low-cost, fast and universal synthesis technology, prepared The three-dimensional zinc-based alloy interface material can effectively inhibit the dendrite growth on the negative electrode surface of the battery, etc., and help the production of high-safety, long-cycle, high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. It also provides technical and theoretical guidance for the development of other new electrochemical energy storage systems. There are dendrites, hydrogen evolution and corrosion problems in the zinc anode of the battery. The working principle of the water-based zinc-ion battery is similar to that of the lithium battery, that is, the zinc ions in the electrolyte are used to reciprocate between the positive and negative electrodes to store and release electrical energy. Compared with the alkaline electrolyte system battery, the zinc-ion battery technology based on the neutral or near-neutral water electrolyte has a theoretically longer cycle life of the zinc anode. Moreover, the raw material zinc reserves of zinc-ion batteries are abundant, and the battery assembly, storage,
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transportation and maintenance are relatively simple, so it is considered to have broader application prospects in the field of large-scale energy storage. Unlike lithium batteries, which use highly flammable organic electrolytes, aqueous zinc-ion batteries mainly use water as the electrolyte solvent, so there are no problems such as flammability and explosion of lithium batteries, and they have the advantages of high safety, good environmental protection, and low cost. It has attracted wide attention in electronic equipment and energy storage systems. However, metal zinc, which is the negative electrode, has serious harmful side reactions such as dendrite, hydrogen evolution, and metal corrosion in the aqueous electrolyte, which hinders the large-scale application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Dendrites refer to the uneven deposition of zinc ions on the zinc negative electrode during the charging and discharging process, resulting in dendritic metal zinc crystals appearing on the negative electrode of the battery. During the charging and discharging process of the battery, the dendrites will continue to grow, eventually piercing the diaphragm and contacting the positive electrode, causing the battery to fail due to an internal short circuit. Hydrogen evolution refers to water as an electrolyte solvent, which will decompose and release hydrogen during the charging and discharging process of the battery, causing the battery to flatulence and even explode. Corrosion is mainly due to the more active metal zinc, which will spontaneously chemically react with water, thereby continuously consuming the zinc anode material and electrolyte, resulting in a significant reduction in the service life of the battery. The new material solves the problems faced by water-based zinc-ion batteries. Three-dimensional nanostructure zinc-based alloy interface materials are used as anode materials for water-based zinc-ion batteries to solve dendrites and other problems. The three-dimensional structure of the new anode material is similar to a "small house", and zinc ions will automatically enter the "small house", that is, they are preferentially deposited in the three-dimensional structure of the zinc-based alloy interface material rather than gathered on the surface, thereby preventing dendrite growth. At the same time, a solvent containing zinc and copper plasma is added to the electrolyte to reduce the activity of water and inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction, thereby solving the problems of unstable interface of zinc negative electrode and prolonging the life of zinc negative electrode. A layer of zinc-copper alloy layer is also naturally formed on the surface of the zinc-based alloy interface material, which increases the surface
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strength of the negative electrode, enhances the electrochemical stability, and significantly improves the corrosion resistance. In order to better study the properties of new materials, in situ optical microscopy was used to study the morphology evolution law of three-dimensional nanostructured zinc-based alloy interface materials under low current density and high current density, which proved that the material is beneficial to efficiently regulate zinc deposition and dissolution reaction processes, so as to minimize the possibility of dendrite formation. At present, the commercialized aqueous zinc-ion batteries are mainly nickel-zinc batteries and zinc-manganese batteries based on alkaline aqueous electrolyte, and their application scenarios include microgrids in remote areas, communication equipment, building backup power supply, etc.